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Kava Glossary
Over 50 technical terms related to Kava – from Kavalactones to the Kava Ceremony
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This glossary explains the most important terms related to Kava. From chemical compounds to preparation methods and cultural traditions – here you will find all technical terms explained in an understandable way.
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Chemistry & Ingredients
Kavalactone
The psychoactive compounds in Kava
Kavalactones are a group of 18 lactones that shape kava's characteristic spectrum of effects. The six major kavalactones make up most of the fraction normally measured in analysis: Desmethoxyyangonin (DMY), Dihydrokavain (DHK), Yangonin (Y), Kavain (K), Dihydromethysticin (DHM), and Methysticin (M). Together they contribute effects ranging from clear anxiety-relieving calm and mood lift to muscle relaxation and sedation.
Chemotype
The chemical profile of a Kava variety
The chemotype is a 6-digit code that ranks the six major kavalactones by relative concentration. Each kavalactone has a number: 1=DMY, 2=DHK, 3=Y, 4=K, 5=DHM, 6=M. A chemotype such as "426315" means Kavain (4) ranks first, followed by DHK (2). The ranking helps describe a profile, but it contains no percentages and does not by itself determine the experienced effects or classify a sample as Heady, Heavy, Noble, or Tudei.
Kavain
The most important Kavalactone for anxiolytic effect
Kavain (number 4 in the chemotype system) is the best-researched kavalactone and is especially associated with clear, anxiolytic relaxation, a calmer mood, and mental clarity. Experimental work has observed modulation of several GABA-A receptors outside the classical benzodiazepine binding site. A leading Kavain position often fits a Heady impression but does not by itself prove cultivar quality or effect class.
DHK (Dihydrokavain)
The Kavalactone for muscle relaxation
Dihydrokavain (DHK, number 2 in the chemotype system) is especially associated with physical and muscular relaxation. Experimental work on voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels provides plausible mechanisms. A high relative DHK level can contribute to a calmer, more body-centered profile, but a leading 2 does not automatically make a cultivar Heavy.
DHM (Dihydromethysticin)
Strongly sedating Kavalactone, dominant in Tudei
Dihydromethysticin (DHM, number 5 in the chemotype system) is associated with deep physical calm, marked sedation, and an often longer-perceived profile. An early 5 can indicate a heavy or Tudei-like profile but does not prove Tudei by itself. Robust comparative human data for a fixed half-life or an automatically two-day effect are lacking; cultivar, plant parts, batch, dose, and the complete profile all matter.
Yangonin
Kavalactone with CB1 receptor affinity
Yangonin (Y, number 3 in the chemotype system) shows in-vitro affinity for CB1 cannabinoid receptors. This finding fits the often described mood-lifting and mildly euphoric side of some kava profiles, but it does not mean Yangonin acts like THC or kava like cannabis. Additional inflammatory and neurobiological properties are being investigated experimentally.
DMY (Desmethoxyyangonin)
Mood-enhancing Kavalactone
Desmethoxyyangonin (DMY, number 1 in the chemotype system) is associated with mood lift, focus, motivation, and social openness. Monoaminergic and MAO-B-related mechanisms are being investigated experimentally. A simplified explanation as a direct increase in dopamine levels is reductive, and DMY alone determines neither a Heady profile nor an antidepressant effect.
Methysticin
Sedating Kavalactone with long duration of action
Methysticin (M, number 6 in the chemotype system) is associated with physical calm, a heavier evening profile, and sleep-supporting properties. Preclinical work also investigates anticonvulsant and neuroprotective mechanisms. Its specific effect and duration arise together with the other kavalactones, the dose, and the individual's response.
Piper methysticum
The scientific name for Kava
Piper methysticum is the scientific (Latin) name for the Kava plant. The name literally means "intoxicating pepper" (from Greek "methystikos" = intoxicating). The plant belongs to the family of pepper plants (Piperaceae) and is closely related to black pepper. Kava is a sterile cultivated plant that can only be propagated vegetatively – a sign of its millennia-old domestication by humans.
Piper wichmannii
Wild ancestor of the Kava plant
Piper wichmannii is the wild ancestor of Piper methysticum. This wild species occurs in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands and can reproduce sexually (unlike the sterile cultivated form). Scientists believe that Kava was domesticated from Piper wichmannii about 3,000 years ago. Wild Kava often contains higher amounts of undesirable compounds and is not recommended for consumption.
Chalcones
Flavonoid compounds in Kava
Chalcones are a class of flavonoid compounds found in Kava. The most important are Flavokavain A, B, and C. While Flavokavain A and C are considered relatively safe, Flavokavain B (FKB) is associated with potential liver toxicity. Chalcones mainly occur in the above-ground parts of the plant and in Tudei varieties. Noble Kava from the root contains only small amounts.
Extraction
Process of Kavalactone extraction
Extraction refers to the process of dissolving Kavalactones from the plant material. In traditional preparation, this is done by kneading in water – Kavalactones are fat-soluble and are extracted through mechanical force and emulsification. Industrial extracts often use solvents like ethanol or acetone. Aqueous extracts are considered safer as they contain fewer undesirable compounds.
Effects & Efficacy
GABA(Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
The most important inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It reduces neuronal excitability and has calming, anxiolytic, and sleep-promoting effects. Kavalactones – particularly Kavain and DHK – modulate GABA receptors, but in a different way than benzodiazepines. This explains why Kava relaxes without the typical side effects of sleeping pills (no dependence, no cognitive impairment).
Reverse Tolerance(Reverse Tolerance)
Phenomenon where Kava becomes stronger over time
Reverse Tolerance is a unique phenomenon with Kava: Unlike most psychoactive substances, where one needs more over time for the same effect, with Kava it is the opposite. Many newcomers feel little or nothing the first time. After several sessions (typically 3-7 days of regular use), the body "opens up" to Kavalactones, and the effect becomes significantly stronger. The exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood but may relate to the accumulation of Kavalactones in fat tissue or receptor sensitization.
Anxiolysis(Anxiety Relief)
The anxiolytic effect of Kava
Anxiolysis refers to the anxiolytic effect of a substance. Kava is one of the few herbal substances with level-1 evidence for anxiolytic effect (Cochrane Review). Anxiolysis occurs mainly through modulation of GABA receptors and influence on the limbic system. Unlike benzodiazepines, Kava does not cause cognitive impairment, dependence, or sedation at low to moderate doses.
Krunk
State of deep Kava relaxation
"Krunk" is a colloquial term in the Kava community for the state of deep relaxation and well-being after consuming an adequate amount of Kava. The term may derive from "drunk" but describes a different state: clear mind with relaxed body. Typical signs include a feeling of peace, muscle relaxation, slight euphoria, and social openness – without the impairments of alcohol.
Muscle Relaxation
Physical relaxation effect of Kava
The muscle-relaxing effect of Kava is one of the most noticeable effects. It is mainly mediated by DHK (Dihydrokavain), which acts on sodium channels in muscle cells. This relaxation is not associated with weakness or coordination problems – one feels relaxed but not impaired. Kava is therefore appreciated for tension, stress-related muscle issues, and as a natural alternative to muscle relaxants.
Euphoria
Elevated mood from Kava
Kava can induce a mild to moderate euphoria, especially in heady varieties with high Kavain content. This euphoria differs from that caused by alcohol or other substances: it is clear, social, and not disinhibiting. The mood enhancement is mediated by the effects of Kavain and DMY on dopamine and serotonin systems. Heady varieties like Kelai, Moi, and Pouni Ono are known for their euphoric properties.
Sedation
Calming, sleep-promoting effect
Sedation describes kava's calming and sleep-supporting side, which can become more prominent with body-centered Heavy profiles and higher doses. DHM, DHK, and Methysticin are often associated with this overall impression. Many people experience low to moderate amounts as mentally clear and relaxed. The degree of drowsiness depends on cultivar, batch, preparation, dose, and individual response.
Neuroprotective
Protective effect on nerve cells
Neuroprotective properties refer to the ability to protect nerve cells from damage. Studies show that Kavain and other Kavalactones can have neuroprotective effects – they protect neurons from oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. This could make Kava an interesting research subject for neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroprotective properties also help ensure that Kava does not impair cognitive function.
Analgesia(Pain Relief)
Pain-relieving effect of Kava
Analgesia refers to the pain-relieving effect of a substance. Kava has mild analgesic properties, which are mainly mediated by DHK. The local anesthetic effect (numbness in the mouth) is direct evidence of this property. Kava is traditionally used for headaches, toothaches, and muscle pain. However, the pain relief is mild and does not replace medical treatment for severe pain.
Kava Dermopathy(Kava Skin Rash)
Skin change with excessive consumption
Kava Dermopathy is a reversible skin change that can occur with very high, long-term Kava consumption. It manifests as dry, scaly skin with a yellowish tint, especially on palms, soles of the feet, and forearms. The cause is likely a disruption of cholesterol metabolism in the skin. The dermopathy completely disappears after reducing or stopping consumption and is not a sign of liver damage.
Varieties & Strains
Noble Kava(Noble Kava)
High-quality, traditionally consumed Kava varieties
Noble Kava refers to cultivated, traditionally valued kava cultivars selected for a well-tolerated, clearer, and reliably fading profile. Many documented Noble chemotypes begin with 4 or 2, but that ranking is only a clue. Robust classification also requires cultivar identity, plant parts, origin, processing, and analytical quality data. Vanuatu restricts legal export to approved Noble cultivars.
Tudei Kava(Two-Day Kava)
Wild or low-quality Kava varieties
Tudei (from "two day") refers to kava cultivars not classified as Noble that are traditionally described as heavier, longer-lasting, and more often associated with nausea, headaches, or next-day after-effects. A higher relative level of Dihydromethysticin (DHM) or Flavokavain B can inform quality assessment, but a leading 5 does not prove Tudei by itself. Export of Tudei kava is prohibited in Vanuatu; documented cultivar identity and quality data are decisive.
Heady(Cerebral)
Kava varieties with euphoric, cerebral effects
"Heady" describes Kava varieties whose effects are primarily cerebral and euphoric. These varieties typically have Kavain (4) in the first or second position of the chemotype. Heady Kavas promote sociability, elevate mood, and can have a slight euphoric effect without heavily sedating. They are particularly suitable for social occasions, creative work, or the afternoon. Well-known heady varieties include Kelai, Moi, Pouni Ono, and Silese.
Heavy(Physical)
Kava varieties with strongly sedating, physical effects
"Heavy" describes Kava varieties whose effects are primarily physical and sedating. These varieties typically have DHK (2) or DHM (5) in the first position of the chemotype. Heavy Kavas strongly relax the muscles, promote sleep, and can be very sedating. They are particularly suitable for the evening, for sleep issues, or for deep relaxation. Well-known heavy varieties include Loa Waka, Hiwa, Palasa, and Palarasul.
Balanced(Balanced)
Kava varieties with balanced effects
"Balanced" describes Kava varieties that offer a balanced mix of heady and heavy properties. These varieties typically have both Kavain (4) and DHK (2) in the front positions of the chemotype. Balanced Kavas provide both mental clarity and physical relaxation, making them versatile – from afternoon to evening. Well-known balanced varieties include Borogu, Melo Melo, Bir Kar, and Vula Waka.
Cultivar
Bred Kava variety
A cultivar is a plant variety created through breeding. There are over 100 different cultivars of Kava, which vary in chemotype, effects, flavor, and growth form. Since Kava is sterile and can only be propagated vegetatively, cultivars are genetic clones of the mother plant. Well-known cultivars include Borogu, Kelai, Melo Melo, Palasa, and many more. Each cultivar has its own "fingerprint" of Kavalactones.
Waka
Kava from the main roots
"Waka" refers to Kava made from the main roots (lateral roots) of the plant. Waka is considered the highest quality level, as the main roots have the highest Kavalactone content. The term originates from Fiji and Tonga. Waka is more expensive than Lewena (stump root) but is more potent and has a milder taste. Most premium Kavas on the market are of Waka quality.
Lewena
Kava from the rhizome
"Lewena" (also "Lawena") refers to Kava made from the rhizome of the plant. Lewena has a lower Kavalactone content than Waka but is also milder in taste and cheaper. It is often recommended as a beginner Kava or for those who prefer a gentler effect. In Fiji, Lewena is traditionally used for daily consumption, while Waka is reserved for special occasions.
Green Kava(Fresh Kava)
Freshly harvested, not dried Kava
"Green Kava" or "Fresh Kava" refers to freshly harvested Kava roots that have not been dried. In the Pacific origin countries, Kava is traditionally prepared fresh – the roots are peeled, chopped, and immediately kneaded. Fresh Kava has a different taste and effect than dried: often milder, "greener" in flavor, and with a faster onset of effects. Instant Kava is made from dehydrated Green Kava juice.
'Awa
Hawaiian term for Kava
'Awa is the Hawaiian term for Kava. Hawaii has its own Kava tradition with unique cultivars such as Moi, Hiwa, Nene, and Papa Ele'ele. Hawaiian 'Awa varieties are often particularly potent and have characteristic effect profiles. 'Awa has traditionally been used for ceremonial, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. The Hawaiian 'Awa culture is currently experiencing a renaissance with growing interest in traditional varieties.
Preparation
Medium Grind(Medium Grind)
Standard grind for traditional preparation
Medium Grind is the standard grind for Kava root powder used for the traditional kneading method and blender preparation. The powder has a sandy to floury consistency and must be kneaded through a filter bag (75-100 microns) to extract the Kavalactones. Medium Grind is cheaper than Instant/Micronized and delivers the best potency when prepared correctly. The coarse plant fibers are filtered out.
Micronized Kava(Micronized Kava)
Extremely finely ground Kava without filtering
Micronized Kava is extremely finely ground root powder, where the coarse fibers have already been removed. It can be stirred directly into water without kneading or filtering. The particles are so fine that they remain in suspension and are consumed. Micronized is more convenient than Medium Grind but more expensive and can lead to nausea in sensitive stomachs, as the fibers are consumed.
Instant Kava(Instant Kava)
Dehydrated Kava juice, ready to drink immediately
Instant Kava is dehydrated "Green Kava" juice – fresh Kava juice that has been freeze-dried or spray-dried. It is the most potent and expensive form of Kava, as the Kavalactones have already been extracted. Instant Kava dissolves immediately in water and requires no kneading or filtering. The dosage is significantly lower than for Medium Grind (2-6g instead of 20-50g). It is considered the "royal class" of Kava preparation.
Kneading Method
Traditional Pacific preparation method
The kneading method is the traditional Pacific way of preparing Kava, practiced for over 3,000 years. Medium Grind powder is placed in a filter bag and kneaded and wrung in warm water (35-45°C) for 10-15 minutes. Through mechanical force, the Kavalactones are dissolved from the plant fibers and emulsified in water. The result is a milky-brown "Grog". This method provides the best extraction and potency.
Second Wash(Second Wash)
Reuse of Kava powder
The "Second Wash" refers to the reuse of already kneaded Kava powder for a second round. After the first kneading, the powder still contains about 30-50% of the original Kavalactones. The second wash is weaker but still effective. Some users combine the first and second washes, while others drink them separately. A third wash is usually not worth it.
Strainer Bag(Filter Bag)
Bag for filtering Kava
A strainer bag is a filter bag made of nylon or cotton used for kneading and filtering Kava. The ideal mesh size is 75-100 microns – fine enough to retain plant fibers but permeable enough for the Kavalactone emulsion. Strainer bags are reusable and should be rinsed and dried after each use. They are an essential tool for traditional preparation.
Shell
A serving of Kava drink
"Shell" is the common term for a serving of Kava drink, typically 100-150ml. The term originates from the traditional coconut shell (Bilo) from which Kava is drunk. In Kava bars, one orders "Shells" – a session often consists of 3-6 Shells over several hours. The dosage per Shell varies depending on the strength of the Grog and personal preference. "One more shell" is a common exclamation in the Kava community.
AluBall
Modern Kava preparation device
The AluBall is a modern Kava preparation device that simplifies the traditional kneading method. It consists of a shaker bottle with a special strainer ball. Medium Grind powder is placed in the ball, water is added, and shaken for 2-3 minutes. The extraction is faster than traditional kneading but may be less efficient. The AluBall is popular for on-the-go and for beginners who prefer an easy preparation.
Culture & Tradition
Grog
The finished Kava drink
"Grog" is the colloquial term for the finished Kava drink, especially in Vanuatu and Fiji. The name originates from the colonial era and was adopted by the British Navy. Traditional Kava Grog has a milky-brown color (like coffee with milk) and an earthy, slightly peppery taste. In Kava bars, Grog is often served in coconut shells (Bilos) and drunk in one go.
Bilo
Traditional coconut shell for drinking
A Bilo is a half coconut shell traditionally used for serving and drinking Kava. In Fiji and other Pacific cultures, drinking from the Bilo is part of the ceremonial ritual. Before drinking, one claps once, says "Bula!" (Fiji) or "Mālō!" (Tonga), drinks the contents in one go, and then claps three times. Modern Kava enthusiasts use Bilos for an authentic experience.
Nakamal
Traditional Kava bar in Vanuatu
A Nakamal is a traditional Kava bar in Vanuatu, where locals and tourists gather to drink Kava. Originally, the term referred to the men's meeting place in the village. Modern Nakamals are often simple huts or open areas with benches. Kava is prepared fresh and served in bowls. There are strict social rules: one speaks quietly, behaves respectfully, and drinks at dusk. Nakamals are important social gathering places.
Tanoa
Traditional wooden Kava bowl
A Tanoa is a large, flat wooden bowl in which Kava is traditionally prepared and served. It is typical for Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga and is carved from a single piece of wood, often with carved legs. The Tanoa is the center of the Kava ceremony – the Grog is mixed in it and distributed to participants with a Bilo. High-quality Tanoas are artworks and are passed down as family heirlooms.
Bula
Fijian greeting when drinking Kava
"Bula!" is the traditional Fijian greeting that is called out before drinking a Shell of Kava. The word means "life" and expresses good wishes. The ritual: clap once, shout "Bula!", empty the Shell in one go, and clap three times. In other Pacific cultures, there are similar calls: "Mālō!" in Tonga, "Taki!" in Vanuatu. These rituals create community and respect and are an important part of Kava culture.
Safety
Flavokavain B(FKB)
Potentially liver-toxic compound in Tudei Kava
Flavokavain B (FKB) is a chalcone that occurs in higher concentrations in Tudei Kava and the above-ground parts of the plant (stems, leaves). It is associated with potential liver toxicity and could be responsible for some of the historical liver damage. Noble Kava varieties have very low FKB levels. This is one of the main reasons why only Noble Kava is recommended for consumption and Tudei Kava is prohibited for export in Vanuatu.
CYP450(Cytochrome P450)
Liver enzymes for drug metabolism
CYP450 (Cytochrome P450) is a family of liver enzymes responsible for the metabolism of most drugs. Kavalactones can inhibit certain CYP450 enzymes, particularly CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. This can slow down the metabolism of drugs and enhance their effects. Therefore, Kava should not be combined with medications that are metabolized by these enzymes – particularly benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and blood pressure medications.
Liver Safety
Kava and the liver – facts and myths
The question of liver safety of Kava has long been controversial. In the early 2000s, reports of liver damage led to bans in several countries. However, later investigations showed that most cases were due to Tudei Kava, extracts from above-ground plant parts, or pre-existing conditions. Noble Kava, prepared traditionally, is considered safe. The WHO confirmed in 2016 that "traditionally prepared Kava drinks have an acceptable safety profile."
Interactions
Interactions of Kava with other substances
Kava can have interactions with various substances. The main combinations to avoid are: alcohol (increased liver toxicity), benzodiazepines and sleeping pills (increased sedation), antidepressants (CYP450 interactions), Parkinson's medications (dopamine interactions). Other CNS depressants should also be avoided. If regularly taking medications, one should consult a doctor before consuming Kava.
Dosage
Correct amount for safe consumption
The correct dosage of Kava depends on several factors: body weight, experience, variety, and preparation form. For Medium Grind, a typical session is 20-50g of powder, spread over several Shells. For Instant Kava, 2-6g is common. Beginners should start with low doses and consider reverse tolerance. The recommended maximum daily dose is about 250mg of Kavalactones. Overdose leads to significant drowsiness but not to dangerous conditions.
Chemotype Reference
| # | Kavalactone | Abbr | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Desmethoxyyangonin | DMY | Evidence mainly in vitro or preclinical; comparative human data are limited. |
| 2 | Dihydrokavain | DHK | Evidence mainly in vitro or preclinical; comparative human data are limited. |
| 3 | Yangonin | Y | Evidence mainly in vitro or preclinical; comparative human data are limited. |
| 4 | Kavain | K | Evidence mainly in vitro or preclinical; comparative human data are limited. |
| 5 | Dihydromethysticin | DHM | Evidence mainly in vitro or preclinical; comparative human data are limited. |
| 6 | Methysticin | M | Evidence mainly in vitro or preclinical; comparative human data are limited. |
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